There is little doubt that the Indian democracy is facing multiple challenges today. On the eve of the 75th year of its independence, this might be a critical question for debates from different vantage points. There are several internal and external challenges that India has been grappling with for many decades. The most challenging task is how to sustain a democratic polity with secular-plural characteristics. For the 1.38 billion people of India, the basic principles of freedom, equality, and fraternity are so critical that any or every attempt to undermine them would be fraught with dangerous consequences. This calls for a vigilant civil society and a committed state. However, the changing characteristics of the state and civil society offer ominous signals. How do we tackle this predicament in a complex society like India? This is one of the major questions of debates put across by Kerala-based Vakkom Moulavi Memorial and Research Centre (VMMRC) in association with the Centre for Study of Society and Secularism (CSSS), Mumbai in connection with Indiaโs 75th Year of Independence.
Professor Ram Puniyani, social activist and former faculty at the Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai spoke at length on these issues at a programme hosted by the VMMRC-CSSS. Delivering the โDistinguished Lectureโ on โChallenges to Indian Democracy,โ Puniyani called for a โmultilayered struggle against communalism, poverty, unemployment, and campaign for the rights of workers, farmers, small traders, marginalised communities and womenโs security.โ Puniyani said that our democratic rights are undermined today both covertly and overtly. โCritiquing the government is a course correction. If it is labelled as anti-national, obviously the democracy will go on a decline. In the global space, the freedom of the press and freedom of religion are the two markers of our freedom. And India is constantly and rapidly sliding down,โ he pointed out.
Puniyani said that Nehru had foreseen the danger of the use of religion in politics. โIn our contemporary times, the use of religion has increased to a dangerous level in India. Issues related to religious identity touch the cord of emotions. As such, emotive issues based on religion pose a major challenge to democracy. Politics today comes under the garb of religion. Consequently, democracy is stifled by such trends from multiple sources.โ
Puniyani noted that โcommunal politics is based on a distorted version of history. Spreading misconceptions of history has become part of social common sense, grounds on which hatred can be constructed. We cannot save democracy unless we remove the hatred that has been drilled into our minds.โ He said that โeven as communal violence was on the increase, the victims hardly get justice.โ Puniyani pointed out that those who had fought for justice are being intimidated and arrested. He cited the instances of the fate of Teesta Setalvad and many others who are incarcerated under different false charges.
On the issue of beef controversy, Puniyani said that many people were lynched in the recent past. He recalled that beef was part of food habits from Vedic times. Ambedkar had written about it. Even earlier, Swami Vivekananda testified this. Puniyani also pointed to the findings of historians like D.N. Jha, who traced the history of beef consumption in Vedic times.
Puniyani warned that when communal violence polarises society along religious lines, democratic norms cannot be sustained. The marginalisation of minorities (both Christians and Muslims) and Dalits is an everyday reality. Communal violence is downgrading democratic values. He said that โWe must have constant campaigns at the grassroots level. We must get connected to society and communicate the values of pluralism and diversity. Unless we fight against hatred, which is so deep-rooted, democracy cannot flourish. If minorities, Dalits and women are marginalised, democracy cannot progress,โ he added. Puniyani reminded: โdemocracy is not a finished product. It is a journey in which we begin from a formal democracy and go to substantive levels of its operation. This is not a sudden process. This is a historical process of deepening the democratic culture.โ Hence it requires patience and persuasion in sustaining it.
Irfan Engineer, Director, CSSS chaired the session. He said that India is so diverse that if this pluralistic character is to remain, democracy must play an important role. A danger threatening this diversity is the rise of ethnolinguistic nationalism which has played havoc in neighbouring countries like Pakistan and Bangladesh, and we should not allow this to happen and sharpen in a complex country like India. This calls for internal reforms in all religions and communities and this self-critical process will only strengthen a democratic culture in India. Engineer also said we need to be active citizens to place ourselves to be responsible for sustaining a vibrant democracy.โ
Prof Ram Puniyani is an accomplished scholar and a fearless social critic whose interventions and writings continue to inspire all generations. He served as a Professor of Biomedical Engineering at IIT, Mumbai for nearly three decades and devoted his entire life to the cause of human rights, secular values, and fighting against communalism, and all authoritarian tendencies. He has been part of several peopleโs commissions for the dispensation of justice and liberty. Prof Ram has also been a prolific writer and orator. There are more than three dozen books and hundreds of articles to his credit. Irfan Engineer is currently Director of CSSS, and Editor of the Indian Journal of Secularism.
Another version of this report has appeared in Eurasia Review
Dr. Mahmood Kooria, a historian at Leiden University (the Netherlands) stressed the importance of reading historical sources to unearth the histories of women travellers in the premodern centuries. Dr. Mahmood was delivering a special web lecture at the Vakkom Moulavi Memorial and Research Centre (VMMRC) on the theme of โWomen Travellers in pre-modern South Asia.โ Dr. Mahmood said we hardly know of any women travellers from a time before 1800, and all the travellers we know are males. But, in contrast to their absence in the secondary sources and proscriptions in the primary sources, womenโs journeys do appear in the subcontinentโs intangible and tangible heritage. Women did undertake long journeys across long distances, between Asia, Europe, Africa and the Americas and left behind elaborate traces of their diverse peregrinations as pirates, queens, prisoners, mystics, pilgrims, admirals, saints, and diplomats. A few such South Asian narratives do demonstrate the variety of motivations in womenโs journeys and there were a few such women travellers who travelled long distances across borders of countries and continents despite the restrictions and constraints of their times. Focusing on journeys carried out by Muslim women like Fatimah bint Saโd Al-Khayr in and around the Indian Ocean world between 700 and 1500 CE, Dr. Mahmood also explained the specific features of medieval women on the move. He also emphasized on why historians should read such popular traditions as theyyam and thottam pattus to understand our past.
Speaking on the role of women in society, Dr. Mahmood said that millions of Muslims across the Indian Ocean littoral were following matrilineal systems for several centuries. Both in the past and the present, Muslims in Minangkabau in Indonesia, Negeri Sembilan in Malaysia, the Coromandel and Malabar coasts and the Lakshadweep Islands in India, the Ampara, Batticaloa, and Trincomalee districts in Sri Lanka, the Cabo Delgado and Nampula provinces in Mozambique, and across the Comoros followed diverse kinds of mother-focused systems of lineage, habitation, property ownership, and power. He said these matrilineal Muslims did not adopt patriarchal interpretations of Islam and adhered to more gender-equal, if not women-centric, normative orders. However, many Arab, African, Indian, and Malay male Muslim religious scholars criticized the matrilineal systems since the late 18th century. Their oppositions were especially targeted at the inheritance customs, where men got little or no share in property, and some of these criticisms led to violent movements against clan matriarchs and hereditary power centers, Dr Mahmood said.
Writer Dr Khadija Mumtaz chaired the session. Mrs. Anusha Omar welcomed and Dr Shahina Javad proposed a vote of thanks.
